Justia U.S. 8th Circuit Court of Appeals Opinion Summaries

The Eighth Circuit affirmed defendant's 180 month sentence imposed after he pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm. At sentencing, the district court calculated defendant's Sentencing Guidelines offense level as 30 and his criminal history category as VI, which yielded a sentencing range of 180-210 months. However, the district court ruled that defendant's five prior convictions qualified as predicate convictions under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA).The court rejected defendant's contention that the ACCA violates his equal protection rights and concluded that defendant has not presented any proof of a discriminatory intent or purpose in the enactment of the ACCA or its application to his case. As to defendant's claim regarding differing treatment of juvenile convictions, the court concluded that defendant's predicate convictions do not include any "acts of juvenile delinquency" under the ACCA. The court also concluded that, even if defendant's Wisconsin robbery conviction does not qualify as a predicate offense, defendant's remaining convictions were sufficient to apply the ACCA. Finally, the court concluded that there was no error in denying defendant's request for credit for time served on a prior conviction, and he provided no proof for his claim that the government improperly delayed bringing charges against him. View "United States v. Ronning" on Justia Law

The Eighth Circuit affirmed the district court's partial denial of defendant's motion to suppress evidence. Defendant pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance (Count 2), and was sentenced to 262 months imprisonment.The court found that the initial encounter between defendant and the officers was consensual and thus his Fourth Amendment rights were not violated. In this case, the totality of the circumstances indicated that the officers' retention of defendant's identification did not restrain his liberty; the officers did not activate their patrol car's lighter or siren, or physically touch defendant; and the officers did not brandish their weapons or threaten arrest. The court also concluded that the officers did not violate defendant's Fifth Amendment rights during the first encounter, and the district court did not err in denying defendant's motion to suppress the statements. Finally, the court concluded that the district court did not err in denying the motion to suppress the evidence found in defendant's car where defendant did not contest that the drug dog's positive alert on his car gave the officers probable cause to search it. View "United States v. Lillich" on Justia Law

The Eighth Circuit denied a petition for review of the BIA's decision concluding that petitioner was removeable and denial of his request for a form of cancellation of removal available to children who have been battered by parents who are lawful permanent residents. The court concluded that petitioner failed to exhaust his claim that the BIA engaged in improper fact finding, the issue is not before the court, and the issue will not be considered. Although the court has jurisdiction to review the predicate legal question whether the Board properly applied the law in determining eligibility, the court lacked jurisdiction to review an ultimate decision denying cancellation of removal as a matter of discretion. View "Mencia-Medina v. Garland" on Justia Law

The Eighth Circuit affirmed defendant's conviction for conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine. The court concluded that the district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting text messages and transcripts of phone calls between defendant and his co-defendants. The court found that the government properly authenticated the text messages, providing sufficient evidence to support a finding that the messages sent and received from the 6140 number were sent and received by defendant. The court also concluded that the district court properly admitted texts between the co-conspirators in furtherance of the conspiracy and even if admitting such evidence was in error, the error was harmless given the overwhelming evidence against defendant. Finally, the court concluded that the evidence was sufficient to support defendant's conviction. View "United States v. Ramirez-Martinez" on Justia Law

Defendant distributed, received, produced, and possessed child pornography using two separate Facebook accounts: one under his name, and the other under the fictitious name Mike Malone. After the Government tried to authenticate evidence from Facebook using certified records, the district court required additional circumstantial evidence tying defendant to the Malone account before ultimately admitting the evidence. Defendant appealed the district court's admission of the evidence and the denial of his request to question witnesses at trial.The Eighth Circuit agreed with the Third and Seventh Circuits that the Government may authenticate social media evidence with circumstantial evidence linking the defendant to the social media account, which the Government did here. In this case, the evidence taken together, provided a rational basis for the district court to pass the question of authentication to the jury. The court also concluded that Facebook messages between defendant and another person, the Malone account, and a minor provided context for defendant's responses and his connection to the Malone account and were not hearsay. Finally, the district court did not abuse its discretion by refusing defendant's request for hybrid representation. The court affirmed the judgment. View "United States v. Lamm" on Justia Law

The Eighth Circuit affirmed defendant's conviction and sentence for being a felon in possession of a firearm. Assuming without deciding that a justification defense to prosecution under 18 U.S.C. 922(g) is available, the court agreed with the district court that defendant failed to present evidence sufficient to warrant denying the government's motion to exclude the justification defense.Even if applying the voluntary manslaughter cross-reference was procedural error, the court concluded that such error was harmless because the district court stated that it would have varied upward had it not applied the cross-reference. The court also concluded that the district court did not clearly err in finding that defendant had attempted to destroy or conceal evidence and thereby to apply the obstruction of justice enhancement. Finally, defendant's sentence was substantively reasonable where the district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the statutory maximum sentence was appropriate because of the "seriousness of the offense" and the "serious effects of what happened that day." View "United States v. Still" on Justia Law

The Eighth Circuit affirmed defendant's conviction and sentence for four counts related to unlawful possession of drugs and a gun. Under the facts of this case the court concluded that defendant cannot show that voir dire on race was constitutionally required and thus the court saw no reason why voir dire on implicit racial bias would be constitutionally required. The court explained that the district court's inquiries on racial bias went beyond the requirement to eliminate any reasonable possibility that racial or ethnic prejudice would influence the jury. Moreover, the district court was not required to inquire into potential implicit bias. The court also concluded that defendant's prior two Missouri drug convictions for the sale of cocaine base qualified as serious drug offenses under the Armed Career Criminal Act. Therefore, the district court did not err in applying the career criminal enhancement. View "United States v. Young" on Justia Law

The Eighth Circuit dismissed defendant's appeal of his mandatory-minimum sentence of 60 months in prison. The court concluded that, no matter what it decides, defendant's sentence cannot get any shorter. The court explained that any live controversy over the relevant enhancement ended the moment the district court gave defendant a 60-month prison sentence. At that point, enhancements and reductions no longer mattered because a decreased offense level could not drive his sentence any lower. View "United States v. Corrigan" on Justia Law

The Eighth Circuit affirmed defendant's conviction and sentence for two counts of being a felon in possession of a firearm. Assuming without deciding that defendant has standing to challenge the search, the court concluded that the protective sweep was justified. In this case, there was good reason for a sweep where defendant was suspected of stealing several guns from a pawn shop in a burglary, committing a robbery, and possessing a handgun during a gunfight; after announcing their presence, officers were forced to wait for minutes while the blinds on either side of the door moved and they heard movement (and possible preparation for an attack) inside; officers thought the house belonged to defendant's girlfriend, who was not located; an occupant's initial reluctance and his unusual response strengthened suspicion that potentially dangerous people remained in the house; and defendant was covered in dust and cobwebs, suggesting that he had just been in a dusty place like an attic or basement. Therefore, these facts support a reasonable belief that someone else could be inside posing a danger to officers during or following the arrest. Furthermore, even if the protective sweep could not cover the attic, defendant does not show that the occupant's later consent to search the home was insufficient.The court also concluded that defendant is not entitled to Rehaif-relief because he cannot show a reasonable probability that, but for the error, the outcome of the trial would have been different. Finally, even if the court agreed with defendant that the district court erred in imposing a four-level sentencing enhancement under USSG 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) for possessing the firearms in connection with another felony offense, defendant's offense level was driven by his armed career criminal status and his total offense level would not decrease. View "United States v. Thompson" on Justia Law

The Eighth Circuit affirmed the district court's denial of a petition for writ of habeas corpus where petitioner alleged that his trial counsel was ineffective for not providing closing argument during the penalty phase of his capital-murder trial. Petitioner, though advised otherwise, insisted that his trial counsel forgo closing argument.The panel concluded that petitioner's informed, voluntary decision prevented his attorney's reluctant compliance with petitioner's wishes from subsequently becoming ineffective assistance of counsel. The court explained that the nature of the decision to forego oral argument, whether fundamental or one of trial strategy, does not alter this result. Therefore, petitioner's ineffective assistance-of-counsel claim is procedurally defaulted and barred. View "Taylor v. Steele" on Justia Law